Juvenile Justice

The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015 states that adoption of a child is final on the issuance of an adoption order by the civil court. The Bill provides that instead of the court, the district magistrate (including additional district magistrate) will issue such adoption orders.
Under the 2015 Act offences committed by juveniles are categorised as heinous offences, serious offences, and petty offences. Serious offences include offences with three to seven years of imprisonment. The Bill adds that serious offences will also include offences for which maximum punishment is imprisonment of more than seven years, and minimum punishment is not prescribed or is less than seven years.
Key Issues and Analysis

Adoption of a child is a legal process which creates a permanent legal relationship between the child and adoptive parents. Therefore, it may be questioned whether it is appropriate to vest the power to issue adoption orders with the district magistrate instead of a civil court.
As of July 2018, there were 629 adoption cases pending in various courts. In order to expedite adoption proceedings, the Bill transfers the power to issue adoption orders to the district magistrate. An issue to consider is whether the level of pendency justifies shifting the load to the district magistrate.
The Standing Committee on Human Resource Development (2015) had noted that various statutory bodies under the Act were not present in many states. As of 2019 only 17 of 35 states/Union Territories had all basic structures and bodies required under the Act in all districts.
In 2017, the Madhya Pradesh High Court noted that children declared legally free for adoption were not being given timely referrals by Central Adoption Resource Authority (CARA). It recommended that the Steering Committee of CARA may monitor and investigate the conduct of CARA.
PART A: HIGHLIGHTS OF THE BILL

Context

A juvenile is a person less than 18 years of age. The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015 addresses children in conflict with law and children in need of care and protection. The Act fulfils India’s commitment as a signatory to the United Nations Convention on the rights of the child, the Hague Convention on Protection of Children and Co-operation in respect of Inter-country Adoption (1993), and other related international instruments.[ As a signatory, India is required to undertake all appropriate measures to ensure the rights of children with regard to juvenile justice, care and protection, and adoption.

The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Amendment Bill, 2021 was introduced in Lok Sabha on March 15, 2021 and is currently pending in Rajya Sabha.3 The Bill amends the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015. The Statement of Objects and Reasons of the 2021 Bill states that adoption cases have witnessed significant delay in courts. Further, it states that adoption cases are non-adversarial in nature and can be dealt through a well laid out process.3 A similar Bill empowering district magistrates to issue adoption orders was introduced in Lok Sabha in August 2018. However, the Bill lapsed with the dissolution of the 16th Lok Sabha.

Under the 2015 Act offences committed by juveniles are categorised as: heinous offences (those with minimum punishment of seven years of imprisonment under IPC or any other law), (ii) serious offences (three to seven years of imprisonment), and (iii) petty offences (below three years of imprisonment).1 In 2020, the Supreme Court observed that the Act does not deal with offences where the maximum sentence is more than seven years of imprisonment, but there is no minimum sentence, or minimum sentence is of less than seven years. The Court ordered that these offences should be categorised as serious offences. The Bill also seeks to give effect to this order.

Key Features

Adoption: Under the Act, once prospective adoptive parents accept a child, an adoption agency files an application in a civil court to obtain the adoption order. The adoption order issued by the court establishes that the child belongs to the adoptive parents. The Bill provides that instead of the court, the district magistrate (including additional district magistrate) will perform these duties and issue all such orders.
Appeals: The Bill provides that any person aggrieved by an adoption order passed by the district magistrate may file an appeal before the Divisional Commissioner, within 30 days of such order. Such appeals should be disposed within four weeks from the date of filing of the appeal.
The Act provides that there will be no appeal for any order made by a Child Welfare Committee concluding that a person is not a child in need of care and protection. The Bill removes this provision.
Serious offences: The Act provides that the Juvenile Justice Board will inquire about a child who is accused of a serious offence. Serious offences are those for which the punishment is imprisonment between three to seven years. The Bill adds that serious offences will also include offences for which maximum punishment is imprisonment of more than seven years, and minimum punishment is not prescribed or is less than seven years.
Designated Court: The Act provides that offences against children that are punishable with imprisonment of more than seven years, will be tried in the Children’s Court (equivalent to a Sessions Court). Other offences (punishable with imprisonment of less than seven years) will be tried by a Judicial Magistrate. The Bill amends this to provide that all offences under the Act will be tried in the Children’s Court.
Offences against children: The Act provides that an offence under the Act, which is punishable with imprisonment between three to seven years will be cognizable (where arrest is allowed without warrant) and non-bailable. The Bill provides that such offences will be non-cognizable and non-bailable.
Child Welfare Committees (CWCs): The Act provides that states must constitute one or more CWCs for each district for dealing with children in need of care and protection. It provides certain criteria for the appointment of members to CWC. For instance, a member should be: (i) involved in health, education, or welfare of children for at least seven years, or (ii) a practising professional with a degree in child psychology, psychiatry, law, or social work. The Bill adds certain criteria for a person to be ineligible to be a member of the CWC. These include: (i) having any record of violation of human rights or child rights, or (ii) being a part of the management of a child care institution in a district.

PART B: KEY ISSUES AND ANALYSIS

Empowering the district magistrate to issue adoption orders
The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015 states that adoption of a child is final once a civil court issues an adoption order.1 The Bill amends this to provide for the district magistrate (including the additional district magistrate) to issue such adoption orders instead.3 Any person aggrieved by such an adoption order may file an appeal with the Divisional Commissioner. This may raise certain issues discussed below.

Need for transferring power to issue adoption orders from courts to the district magistrate

The Statement of Objects and Reasons (SOR) of the Bill states that there is significant delay in finalising adoption cases in courts.3 To expedite adoption proceedings, the Bill empowers the district magistrate to issue such orders.3 Between April 2015 and March 2020, about 19,000 children have been adopted, an average of 320 adoptions per month.[6] As on July 2018, there were 629 adoption cases pending in various courts.4 The question is whether this constitutes a significant delay, and consequently requires shifting the power to issue adoption orders from the court to the district magistrate. Empowering district magistrates to issue adoption orders may also lead to delays as they are already burdened with several responsibilities such as maintenance of law and order, land and revenue administration, disaster management, general administration, and implementing government schemes and programmes in their district. A district magistrate chairs about 75 committees, spread across 23 departments.

Lack of judicial scrutiny in adoption orders

Under the Act, adoption of a child is final once a court issues an adoption order. With this, the child becomes the lawful child of his adoptive parents with all the rights, privileges, and responsibilities that are given to a biological child. The Bill shifts the power to issue adoption orders from the court to the district magistrate (including the additional district magistrate). The question is whether it is appropriate for an administrative authority to issue adoption orders instead of a judicial body.

The SOR of the Bill states that adoption cases are non-adversarial in nature and can be dealt as per the process laid out. Adoption of a child is a legal process which creates a permanent legal relationship between the child and adoptive parents. When deciding on adoption, courts review documents, ensure necessary procedures have been complied with, and conduct an inquiry of the child and adoptive parents. This helps ensure that due consideration is given to the wishes of the child, and the adoption is for the welfare of the child. It may be argued that determining whether the adoption is in the best interests of the child requires judicial training and competence.

Further, the Bill provides that any person aggrieved by an adoption order, may file an appeal before the divisional commissioner. Thus, it does not provide for judicial oversight at the appeal stage as well. District magistrates and divisional commissioners are trained to be administrators and perform functions of the government. They may not have the competence to issue adoption orders or hear appeals related to them. Vesting of such core judicial functions with them may also raise concerns of separation of powers between the executive and the judiciary.

Note that, since the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000 (replaced by the 2015 Act) came into force, the power to issue adoption orders has rested with the courts. Similarly, in countries such as United Kingdom, Germany, France, and several states in the United States of America, adoption orders are issued only by the court.